Review of the literature on the influence and pathogenicity of Gardnerella vaginalis in women with bacterial vaginosis
Review of the literature on the influence and pathogenicity of Gardnerella vaginalis in women with bacterial vaginosis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59085/2789-7818.2023.71Keywords:
Microbiota vaginal, Gardnerella vaginalis, Infección bacteriana, LactobacillusAbstract
The vaginal microbiota, also known as bacterial flora, is a dynamic ecosystem that undergoes changes throughout the different stages of a woman's life. In a healthy vagina, a diversity of microorganisms coexist, the presence of Lactobacillus sp. being especially important, which produces several essential antimicrobial components to control the incidence of other biological agents in this ecosystem. However, due to certain alterations in the female genital region, bacterial vaginosis (BV) has become one of the most frequent infections worldwide, being caused mainly by the Gardnerella vaginalis bacterium. This bacterium stands out for having advanced tools to cause dysbiosis and alterations that affect female health in a general context. Although the causes and specific origin of BV are still unknown, some treatment alternatives have been identified that show positive results in controlling cases of vaginosis caused by Gardnerella sp. In this review, the main characteristics and causes of G. vaginalis infection are highlighted, possible strategies and treatments are explored for the control of this condition present throughout the world that affects the majority of women, regardless of their ethnicity. It is highlighted that the lifestyle and habits, whether sexual or in general, aimed at hygiene and female health, are the main aggravating factors for BV. Taking into account that the causes and specific origin of BV are still unknown, this review aims to highlight the main characteristics and causes of G. vaginalis infection versus behavior in the healthy vaginal environment and to explore possible strategies and treatments for BV control of this condition that is present throughout the world and that affects the majority of women regardless of their ethnicity and whose main aggravating factor is the lifestyle and habits, whether sexual or in general, aimed at feminine hygiene and health. some studies provide some treatment alternatives that show positive results in the control of cases of vaginosis that have Gardnerella as an etiological agent. Taking into account that the causes and specific origin of BV are still unknown, this review aims to highlight the main characteristics and causes of G. vaginalis infection versus behavior in the healthy vaginal environment and to explore possible strategies and treatments for BV. control of this condition that is present throughout the world and that affects the majority of women regardless of their ethnicity and whose main aggravating factor is the lifestyle and habits, whether sexual or in general, aimed at hygiene and health female.
Downloads
References
(1) Kalia N, Singh J, Kaur M. Microbiota in vaginal health and pathogenesis of recurrent vulvovaginal infections: a critical review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020;19(1):5.
(2) Bradshaw CS, Sobel JD. Current Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis-Limitations and Need for Innovation. J Infect Dis. 2016;214 Suppl 1:S14-20.
(3) Romero Herrero D, Andreu Domingo A. [Bacterial vaginosis]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2016;34 Suppl 3:14-8.
(4) Nisha K, Antony B, Udayalaxmi J. Comparative analysis of virulence factors & biotypes of Gardnerella vaginalis isolated from the genital tract of women with & without bacterial vaginosis. Indian J Med Res. 2019;149(1):57-61.
(5) Qin H, Xiao B. Research Progress on the Correlation Between Gardnerella Typing and Bacterial Vaginosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:858155.
(6) Pekmezovic M, Mogavero S, Naglik JR, Hube B. Host-Pathogen Interactions during Female Genital Tract Infections. Trends Microbiol. 2019;27(12):982-96.
(7) Nahui Palomino RA, Zicari S, Vanpouille C, Vitali B, Margolis L. Vaginal Lactobacillus Inhibits HIV-1 Replication in Human Tissues Ex Vivo. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:906.
(8) Saraf VS, Sheikh SA, Ahmad A, Gillevet PM, Bokhari H, Javed S. Vaginal microbiome: normalcy vs dysbiosis. Arch Microbiol. 2021;203(7):3793-802.
(9) Morrill S, Gilbert NM, Lewis AL. Gardnerella vaginalis as a Cause of Bacterial Vaginosis: Appraisal of the Evidence From in vivo Models. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:168.
(10) Coudray MS, Madhivanan P. Bacterial vaginosis-A brief synopsis of the literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;245:143-8.
(11) Javed A, Parvaiz F, Manzoor S. Bacterial vaginosis: An insight into the prevalence, alternative treatments regimen and it's associated resistance patterns. Microb Pathog. 2019;127:21-30.
(12) Ellington K, Saccomano SJ. Recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Nurse Pract. 2020;45(10):27-32.
(13) Reiter S, Kellogg Spadt S. Bacterial vaginosis: a primer for clinicians. Postgrad Med. 2019;131(1):8-18.
(14) Abou Chacra L, Fenollar F, Diop K. Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know? Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:672429.
(15) Ruiz-Gomez ML, Martin-Way DA, Perez-Ramirez MD, Gutierrez-Fernandez J. [Male deep infections by Gardnerella vaginalis. A literature review and a case report]. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2019;32(5):469-72.
(16) Chen X, Lu Y, Chen T, Li R. The Female Vaginal Microbiome in Health and Bacterial Vaginosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:631972.
(17) Machado A, Cerca N. Influence of Biofilm Formation by Gardnerella vaginalis and Other Anaerobes on Bacterial Vaginosis. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(12):1856-61.
(18) Rego VN, Vaz T. O papel da associação de probióticos a antibioterapia no tratamento de vaginose bacteriana - qual a evidência? %J Acta Obstétrica e Ginecológica Portuguesa. 2021;15:264-73.
(19) Vazquez F, Fernandez-Blazquez A, Garcia B. Vaginosis. Vaginal microbiota. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed). 2019;37(9):592-601.
(20) Vodstrcil LA, Muzny CA, Plummer EL, Sobel JD, Bradshaw CS. Bacterial vaginosis: drivers of recurrence and challenges and opportunities in partner treatment. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):194.
(21) Zwittink RD, van den Munckhof EHA, Leverstein-van Hall MA, Boers K, Molijn A, Knetsch CW, et al. The vaginal microbiota in the course of bacterial vaginosis treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;40(3):651-6.
(22) Santos, M. C. C., da Silva Júnior, F. F., de Paula, R. A. S., de Barros Ribeiro, M. D., de Oliveira, L. H., & de Medeiros, J. A. (2020). Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy, 31, 101906. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101906
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Epicentro - Revista de Investigación Ciencias de la Salud

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Derechos de autor
Las obras que se publican en Epicentro - Revista de Investigación Ciencias de la Salud están sujetas a los siguientes términos:
1.1. La Universidad Central del Paraguay conserva los derechos patrimoniales (copyright) de las obras publicadas, y favorece y permite la reutilización de las mismas bajo la licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0), por lo cual se pueden:
- Compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato;
- Adaptar — remezclar, transformar y construir a partir del material;
- para cualquier propósito, incluso comercialmente.
- Atribución — Siempre debe darse crédito de manera adecuada, brindar un enlace a la licencia, e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Se permite hacerlo en cualquier forma razonable, pero no de forma tal que sugiera que su uso tiene el apoyo de la licenciante.
- No hay restricciones adicionales — No puede aplicar términos legales ni medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otras a hacer cualquier uso permitido por la licencia.
Acceso Abierto
Epicentro es una revista de Acceso Abierto (open Access), sin restricciones temporales.
Se permite a los autores la reutilización de los trabajos publicados, es decir, se puede archivar el post-print (o la versión final posterior a la revisión por pares o la versión PDF del editor), con fines no comerciales, incluyendo su depósito en repositorios institucionales, temáticos o páginas web personales, desde que haya referencia a publicación anterior en la revista.
Derecho de los lectores
Los lectores tienen el derecho de leer todos nuestros artículos de forma gratuita inmediatamente posterior a su publicación. Esta publicación no efectúa cargo económico alguno para la publicación ni para el acceso a su material.
Archivado
Esta revista utiliza diferentes repositorios nacionales como internacionales donde se aloja la publicación, incluyendo el archivo del site de la propia revista y de la Universidad Central del Paraguay, digitalmente.
Legibilidad en las máquinas e interoperabilidad
El texto completo, los metadatos y las citas de los artículos se pueden rastrear y acceder con permiso. Nuestra política social abierta permite además la legibilidad de los archivos y sus metadatos, propiciando la interoperabilidad bajo el protocolo OAI-PMH de open data y código abierto. Los archivos, tanto de las publicaciones completas, como su segmentación por artículos, se encuentran disponibles en abierto en formatos HTML y también en PDF, lo que facilita la lectura de los mismos en cualquier dispositivo y plataforma informática.